Chapter 4: Partial Differentiation
Section 4.3: Chain Rule
Example 4.3.6
The composition of fx,y=ln3x2+4y2 with xr,s=3 r+2 s,yr,s=5 r−7 s forms the function Fr,s=fxr,s,yr,s. Obtain the partial derivatives Fr and Fs by appropriate forms of the chain rule, and again by writing the rule for F explicitly. Show that the results agree.
Solution
Mathematical Solution
An application of the chain rule gives
Fr
=fx xr+fy yr
=18x3x2+4y2+40y3x2+4y2
=183r+2s33r+2s2+45r−7s2+405r−7s33r+2s2+45r−7s2
=2127r−122s127r2−244rs+208s2
and
Fs
=fx xs+fy ys
=12x3x2+4y2−56y3x2+4y2
=123r+2s33r+2s2+45r−7s2−565r−7s33r+2s2+45r−7s2
=4104 s−61 r127r2−244rs+208s2
Writing Fr,s=fxr,s,yr,s=ln127r2−244rs+208s2 explicitly gives Fr=2127r−122s127r2−244rs+208s2 and Fs=4104 s−61 r127r2−244rs+208s2, in agreement with the chain-rule results.
Maple Solution - Interactive
Formal statement of the relevant chain rules
Context Panel: Differentiate≻With Respect To≻r
fxr,s,yr,s→differentiate w.r.t. rD1fxr,s,yr,s∂∂rxr,s+D2fxr,s,yr,s∂∂ryr,s
Context Panel: Differentiate≻With Respect To≻t
fxr,s,yr,s→differentiate w.r.t. sD1fxr,s,yr,s∂∂sxr,s+D2fxr,s,yr,s∂∂syr,s
It is possible to obtain notational simplifications interactively, via the Typesetting Rules Assistant in the View menu. However, this is a tedious multistep process, so will not be pursued here.
Implement the chain rule
Context Panel: Assign Function
fx,y=ln3x2+4y2→assign as functionf
Context Panel: Assign Name
X=3 r+2 s→assign
Y=5 r−7 s→assign
Calculus palette: Partial and ordinary differential operators Press the Enter key.
Context Panel: Evaluate at a Point≻x=X,y=Y
Context Panel: Simplify≻Simplify
∂∂ x fx,y ⅆⅆ r X+∂∂ y fx,y ⅆⅆ r Y
18x3x2+4y2+40y3x2+4y2
→evaluate at point
183r+2s33r+2s2+45r−7s2+405r−7s33r+2s2+45r−7s2
= simplify
2127r−122s127r2−244rs+208s2
∂∂ x fx,y ⅆⅆ s X+∂∂ y fx,y ⅆⅆ s Y
12x3x2+4y2−56y3x2+4y2
123r+2s33r+2s2+45r−7s2−565r−7s33r+2s2+45r−7s2
−461r−104s127r2−244rs+208s2
Obtain Fr and Fs from the explicit representation Fr,s=fxr,s,yr,s
Calculus palette: Partial differentiation operator
Context Panel: Evaluate and Display Inline
∂∂ r fX,Y = 254r−244s33r+2s2+45r−7s2= simplify 2127r−122s127r2−244rs+208s2
∂∂ s fX,Y = −244r+416s33r+2s2+45r−7s2= simplify −461r−104s127r2−244rs+208s2
Maple Solution - Coded
Initialize
Simplified Maple notation is available if the commands to the right are first executed.
interfacetypesetting=extended:Typesetting:-Suppressxr,s,yr,s:Typesetting:-Settingsuserep=true:
difffxr,s,yr,s,r
D1fx,yxr+D2fx,yyr
difffxr,s,yr,s,s
D1fx,yxs+D2fx,yys
Although the chain rules for this problem could be written as Fr=fx xr+fy yr and Fs=fx xs+fy ys, Maple uses the D-operator notation to express the partial derivatives fx and fy, and cannot suppress the arguments of f once suppression of arguments has been applied to x and y.
Restore the variables x and y.
Typesetting:-Unsuppressxr,s,yr,s:
Define the function f.
f≔x,y→ln3x2+4y2:
Assign xr,s and yr,s to the names X and Y, respectively.
X≔3 r+2 s:Y≔5 r−7 s:
Apply the simplify and diff commands.
simplifyD1fX,Y diffX,r+D2fX,Y diffY,r
2127r−122s127r2−244rs+208s2
simplifyD1fX,Y diffX,s+D2fX,Y diffY,s
−461r−104s127r2−244rs+208s2
Obtain Fr and Fs from an explicit representation of Fr,s
Using the diff and simplify commands, explicitly differentiate fxr,s,yr,s.
simplifydifffX,Y,r
simplifydifffX,Y,s
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