The curvature is given by
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To obtain this result from first principles, begin by obtaining the arc-length function
= =
and its inverse, . The angle made by the tangent line and the -axis is . The curvature is the rate at which this angle varies as changes. Hence, the derivative of must be taken with respect to . Either the chain rule or the substitution must be used. Making the substitution leads to , so the derivative with respect to becomes
Replacing with then gives
= =