InfinitesimalSymmetriesOfGeometricObjectFields - Maple Help
For the best experience, we recommend viewing online help using Google Chrome or Mozilla Firefox.

Online Help

All Products    Maple    MapleSim


Home : Support : Online Help : Mathematics : DifferentialGeometry : Group Actions : InfinitesimalSymmetriesOfGeometricObjectFields

GroupActions[InfinitesimalSymmetriesOfGeometricObjectFields] - find the infinitesimal symmetries (vector fields) for a collection of vector fields, differential forms tensors, or connections

Calling Sequences

     InfinitesimalSymmetriesOfGeometricObjectFields(T, option)

Parameters

     T         - a list of vector fields, differential forms, tensors, connections, list of vector fields, list of differential forms, list of tensors

     option    - output = "list", output = "pde", auxiliaryequations = [Delta1, Delta2,..] coefficientvariables = [x1, x2, ...], ansatz = X, unknowns = [F1, F2, ...], parameters = {a1, a2}

 

Description

Examples

Description

• 

Let M be a manifold and let T1, T2, ...TN be a list of tensor fields on M. Then the Lie algebra Γof infinitesimal symmetries of the list of tensors Ti is the Lie algebra of vector fields X on M such that the Lie derivatives ℒX Ti = 0 for i = 1, 2, ... , N.   

• 

If the tensors Ti all have the same tensorial type, say Ti ∈TsrM, then let 𝒯 = spanT1, T2, ...TN. Then the Lie algebra Γ of infinitesimal symmetries of the tensor space 𝒯 is Lie algebra of vector fields X on M such that ℒX Ti ∈𝒯 for i = 1, 2, ... , N. 

• 

The command InfinitesimalSymmetriesOfGeometricObjectFields(T) calculates the Lie algebra of infinitesimal symmetries of the tensors and tensor spaces in the list T. For example, ifT1, T2, T3,T4 are 4 tensor fields and T = T1, T2, T3,T4, then InfinitesimalSymmetriesOfGeometricObjectFields(T) will return the Lie algebra of vector fields X such that ℒX T1 = 0 , ℒX T1 = 0 , ℒX T3 ∈ span T3,T4, ℒX T4 ∈ span T3,T4.  

• 

The procedure InfinitesimalSymmetriesOfGeometricObjectFields creates an arbitrary vector field X on M and generates a system of first order PDE for the coefficients of X from the Lie derivative equations ℒX Ti = 0 and ℒX Ti ∈𝒯. These PDE are solved using pdsolve .

• 

If the (real) Lie algebra Γ of infinitesimal symmetries for a given collection of geometric object fields is finite dimensional (so that the most general infinitesimal symmetry depends only upon arbitrary constants), then the optional argument output = "list" will return a basis for Γ.

• 

With the option output = "pde", just the determining differential equations for the symmetries are returned.

• 

The variables appearing in the coefficients of the vector field X can be specified with the option coefficientvariables = [x1, x2, ...].

• 

The exact form of the infinitesimal symmetries to be found can be specified with the option ansatz = X. With this option, the unknown coefficients to be solved for must be explicitly identified with the option unknowns = [F1, F2, ...].

• 

Additional constraints on the symmetry vector field X can be specified with the optional argument auxiliaryequations = [Delta1, Delta2,..], where Delta1, Delta2,.. are differential equations whose unknowns are the coefficients of the vector field X.

• 

If the given geometric object fields T depend upon parameters {a1, a2, ...}, then the optional argument parameters = {a1, a2, ...} will invoke the case splitting capabilities of pdsolve. Exceptional parameter values will be determined and a sequence of lists of infinitesimal symmetries, one list for each set of parameter values, will be returned.

• 

Other optional arguments for pdsolve may be passed through the command InvariantGeometricObjectFields.

• 

If pdsolve is unable to explicitly solve the pde system for the infinitesimal symmetries, then NULL is returned.

• 

The command InfinitesimalSymmetriesOfGeometricObjectFields is part of the DifferentialGeometry:-GroupActions package. It can be used in the form InfinitesimalSymmetriesOfGeometricObjectFields(...) only after executing the commands with(DifferentialGeometry) and with(GroupActions), but can always be used by executing DifferentialGeometry:-GroupActions:-InfinitesimalSymmetriesOfGeometricObjectFields(...).

Examples

> 

with⁡DifferentialGeometry:with⁡Tensor:with⁡GroupActions:

 

We define a manifold M with coordinates x, y, z.

J > 

DGsetup⁡x,y,z,M

frame name: M

(2.1)

Example 1.

Find all vector fields which commute with the vector field Y = Dx.

M > 

Y≔D_x

Y:=D_x

(2.2)
M > 

InfinitesimalSymmetriesOfGeometricObjectFields⁡Y

_F3⁡y,z⁢D_x+_F2⁡y,z⁢D_y+_F1⁡y,z⁢D_z

(2.3)

 

Find all vector fields whose coefficients depend only on x which commute with the vector field Y = Dx.

M > 

InfinitesimalSymmetriesOfGeometricObjectFields⁡Y,coefficientvariables=x

D_x⁢_C3+D_y⁢_C2+D_z⁢_C1

(2.4)

 

Example 2.

Find the infinitesimal symmetries for the metric g = dx2 +dy2 +dz2.

M > 

g≔evalDG⁡dx&tdx+dy&tdy+dz&tdz

g:=dx⁢dx+dy⁢dy+dz⁢dz

(2.5)
M > 

InfinitesimalSymmetriesOfGeometricObjectFields⁡g,output=list

−D_y⁢z+D_z⁢y,D_z,−D_x⁢z+D_z⁢x,−D_x⁢y+D_y⁢x,D_y,D_x

(2.6)

 

Show the defining differential equations for these symmetries. Here we explicitly define the general form of the symmetry vector and specify the unknowns.

M > 

X≔evalDG⁡R⁡x,y,z⁢D_x+S⁡x,y,z⁢D_y+T⁡x,y,z⁢D_z

X:=R⁡x,y,z⁢D_x+S⁡x,y,z⁢D_y+T⁡x,y,z⁢D_z

(2.7)
M > 

U≔R⁡x,y,z,S⁡x,y,z,T⁡x,y,z

U:=R⁡x,y,z,S⁡x,y,z,T⁡x,y,z

(2.8)
M > 

InfinitesimalSymmetriesOfGeometricObjectFields⁡g,output=pde,unknowns=U,ansatz=X

2⁢∂∂x⁢R⁡x,y,z,∂∂x⁢S⁡x,y,z+∂∂y⁢R⁡x,y,z,∂∂x⁢T⁡x,y,z+∂∂z⁢R⁡x,y,z,∂∂x⁢S⁡x,y,z+∂∂y⁢R⁡x,y,z,2⁢∂∂y⁢S⁡x,y,z,∂∂y⁢T⁡x,y,z+∂∂z⁢S⁡x,y,z,∂∂x⁢T⁡x,y,z+∂∂z⁢R⁡x,y,z,∂∂y⁢T⁡x,y,z+∂∂z⁢S⁡x,y,z,2⁢∂∂z⁢T⁡x,y,z,0,R⁡x,y,z,S⁡x,y,z,T⁡x,y,z

(2.9)

 

 We can use the auxilaryequations option to find the symmetries X of the metric g for which R + S+T = 0. 

M > 

Δ≔R⁡x,y,z+S⁡x,y,z+T⁡x,y,z=0

Δ:=R⁡x,y,z+S⁡x,y,z+T⁡x,y,z=0

(2.10)
M > 

InfinitesimalSymmetriesOfGeometricObjectFields⁡g,output=list,auxiliaryequations=Δ,unknowns=U,ansatz=X

−D_x+D_z,−y−z⁢D_x+x−z⁢D_y−x−y⁢D_z,−D_x+D_y

(2.11)

 

Example 3.

Find the joint infinitesimal symmetries for the 0 connection C and the volume form dx ∧dy ∧ dz.

M > 

C≔Connection⁡0&multD_x&tensordx&tensordx

C:=0⁢D_x⁢dx⁢dx

(2.12)
M > 

μ≔evalDG⁡dx&wdy&wdz

μ:=dx⁢⋀⁢dy⁢⋀⁢dz

(2.13)
M > 

InfinitesimalSymmetriesOfGeometricObjectFields⁡μ,C

−_C2⁢x+_C8⁢x−_C9⁢z−y⁢_C11−_C10⁢D_x+_C5⁢x+_C6⁢z+_C8⁢y+_C7⁢D_y+_C1⁢x+_C2⁢z+_C4⁢y+_C3⁢D_z

(2.14)

 

Example 4.

Here is a famous calculation due to E. Cartan. See Fulton and Harris Representation Theory page 357. We find the linear infinitesimal symmetries of the 3-form ω defined on the 7-manifold N with coordinates v1, v3, v4, w1,w3,w4, u.

M > 

DGsetup⁡v1,v3,v4,w1,w3,w4,u,N

frame name: N

(2.15)
N > 

ω≔evalDG⁡dw3&wdu&wdv3+dv4&wdu&wdw4+dw1&wdu&wdv1+2⁢dv1&wdv3&wdw4+2⁢dw1&wdw3&wdv4

ω:=2⁢dv1⁢⋀⁢dv3⁢⋀⁢dw4+dv1⁢⋀⁢dw1⁢⋀⁢du+dv3⁢⋀⁢dw3⁢⋀⁢du+2⁢dv4⁢⋀⁢dw1⁢⋀⁢dw3−dv4⁢⋀⁢dw4⁢⋀⁢du

(2.16)
N > 

A≔Matrix⁡7,7,i,j↦a‖i‖j

N > 

X≔convert⁡A,DGvector

X:=a11⁢v1+a12⁢v3+a13⁢v4+a14⁢w1+a15⁢w3+a16⁢w4+a17⁢u⁢D_v1+a21⁢v1+a22⁢v3+a23⁢v4+a24⁢w1+a25⁢w3+a26⁢w4+a27⁢u⁢D_v3+a31⁢v1+a32⁢v3+a33⁢v4+a34⁢w1+a35⁢w3+a36⁢w4+a37⁢u⁢D_v4+a41⁢v1+a42⁢v3+a43⁢v4+a44⁢w1+a45⁢w3+a46⁢w4+a47⁢u⁢D_w1+a51⁢v1+a52⁢v3+a53⁢v4+a54⁢w1+a55⁢w3+a56⁢w4+a57⁢u⁢D_w3+a61⁢v1+a62⁢v3+a63⁢v4+a64⁢w1+a65⁢w3+a66⁢w4+a67⁢u⁢D_w4+a71⁢v1+a72⁢v3+a73⁢v4+a74⁢w1+a75⁢w3+a76⁢w4+a77⁢u⁢D_u

(2.17)
N > 

vars≔convert⁡A,set

vars:=a11,a12,a13,a14,a15,a16,a17,a21,a22,a23,a24,a25,a26,a27,a31,a32,a33,a34,a35,a36,a37,a41,a42,a43,a44,a45,a46,a47,a51,a52,a53,a54,a55,a56,a57,a61,a62,a63,a64,a65,a66,a67,a71,a72,a73,a74,a75,a76,a77

(2.18)
N > 

Y≔InfinitesimalSymmetriesOfGeometricObjectFields⁡ω,ansatz=X,unknowns=vars

Y:=_C1⁢v1+_C2⁢v3+_C3⁢v4+_C4⁢w3+_C5⁢w4+_C6⁢u⁢D_v1−_C4⁢w1−_C7⁢v1−_C8⁢v3−_C9⁢v4−u⁢_C11−w4⁢_C10⁢D_v3+_C1⁢v4+_C4⁢u−_C5⁢w1+_C6⁢v3+_C8⁢v4−v1⁢_C11−w3⁢_C10⁢D_v4−_C1⁢w1+_C7⁢w3−_C9⁢u−v3⁢_C12−v4⁢_C13−w4⁢_C11⁢D_w1−_C2⁢w1+_C3⁢u+_C6⁢w4+_C8⁢w3+v1⁢_C12−v4⁢_C14⁢D_w3−_C1⁢w4+_C3⁢w1+_C8⁢w4+_C9⁢w3+u⁢_C12+v1⁢_C13+v3⁢_C14⁢D_w4−2⁢_C3⁢v3−2⁢_C4⁢w4−2⁢_C6⁢w1−2⁢_C9⁢v1+2⁢v4⁢_C12−2⁢w3⁢_C11⁢D_u

(2.19)
N > 

c≔Tools:-DGinfo⁡Y,NonJetIndets

c:=_C1,_C2,_C3,_C4,_C5,_C6,_C7,_C8,_C9,_C10,_C11,_C12,_C13,_C14

(2.20)
N > 

Gamma≔seq⁡Tools:-DGmap⁡1,diff,Y,v,v=c

Γ:=v1⁢D_v1+v4⁢D_v4−w1⁢D_w1−w4⁢D_w4,v3⁢D_v1−w1⁢D_w3,−2⁢D_u⁢v3−u⁢D_w3+v4⁢D_v1−w1⁢D_w4,2⁢D_u⁢w4+u⁢D_v4−w1⁢D_v3+w3⁢D_v1,−w1⁢D_v4+w4⁢D_v1,2⁢D_u⁢w1+u⁢D_v1+v3⁢D_v4−w4⁢D_w3,v1⁢D_v3−w3⁢D_w1,v3⁢D_v3+v4⁢D_v4−w3⁢D_w3−w4⁢D_w4,2⁢D_u⁢v1+u⁢D_w1+v4⁢D_v3−w3⁢D_w4,−w3⁢D_v4+w4⁢D_v3,2⁢D_u⁢w3+u⁢D_v3−v1⁢D_v4+w4⁢D_w1,−2⁢D_u⁢v4−u⁢D_w4−v1⁢D_w3+v3⁢D_w1,−v1⁢D_w4+v4⁢D_w1,−v3⁢D_w4+v4⁢D_w3

(2.21)
N > 

nops⁡Gamma

14

(2.22)

 

It is a simple matter to use the package LieAlgebras to check that this Lie algebra is indecomposable and simple and is a realization of the exceptional Lie algebra g2.

 

Example 5.

Find the point symmetries of the Lagrangian for the (2 +1) wave equation. The result is a 8-dimensional Lie algebra.

N > 

DGsetup⁡x,y,t,u,J,1

frame name: J

(2.23)
J > 

λ≔evalDG⁡u12+u22−u32⁢Dx&wDy&wDt

λ:=u12+u22−u32⁢Dx⁢⋀⁢Dy⁢⋀⁢Dt

(2.24)
J > 

Gamma≔InfinitesimalSymmetriesOfGeometricObjectFields⁡λ,output=list

Γ:=−2⁢D_t⁢t−2⁢D_x⁢x−2⁢D_y⁢y+D_u[]⁢u[],D_u[],D_t⁢y+D_y⁢t,D_t,D_t⁢x+D_x⁢t,−D_x⁢y+D_y⁢x,D_y,D_x

(2.25)
J > 

nops⁡Gamma

8

(2.26)

 

Example 6.

Find the infinitesimal conformal symmetries of the metric g = dx2 +dy2 +dz2.  These are the vector fields X such that ℒXg = λg or ℒXg ∈spang.

J > 

DGsetup⁡x,y,z,M

frame name: M

(2.27)
M > 

g≔evalDG⁡dx&tdx+dy&tdy+dz&tdz

g:=dx⁢dx+dy⁢dy+dz⁢dz

(2.28)

 

Note that the first argument is now a list of a list.

M > 

ConSym≔InfinitesimalSymmetriesOfGeometricObjectFields⁡g,output=list

ConSym:=−14⁢y2−14⁢z2+14⁢x2⁢D_x+12⁢x⁢y⁢D_y+12⁢x⁢z⁢D_z,12⁢x⁢z⁢D_x+12⁢y⁢z⁢D_y−−14⁢z2+14⁢x2+14⁢y2⁢D_z,12⁢x⁢D_x+12⁢y⁢D_y+12⁢z⁢D_z,12⁢x⁢y⁢D_x−14⁢z2−14⁢y2+14⁢x2⁢D_y+12⁢y⁢z⁢D_z,−D_y⁢z+D_z⁢y,D_z,−D_x⁢z+D_z⁢x,−D_x⁢y+D_y⁢x,D_y,D_x

(2.29)

 

The conformal symmetries of 𝔤 define a 10-dimensional Lie algebra.

M > 

nops⁡ConSym

10

(2.30)

 

Example 7.

Find the  infinitesimal symmetries of a distribution of vector fields Δ. These are the vector fields X such that ℒX(Y) ∈ Δ for each Y ∈Δ.

M > 

DGsetup⁡x1,x2,x3,x4,x5,Q

frame name: Q

(2.31)
Q > 

Δ≔evalDG⁡D_x1+x3⁢D_x2+x4⁢D_x3+x43⁢D_x5,D_x4:

Q > 

InfinitesimalSymmetriesOfGeometricObjectFields⁡Δ,output=list

−x2⁢D_x2−x3⁢D_x3−x4⁢D_x4−3⁢x5⁢D_x5,−12⁢x42⁢D_x1−−16⁢x5+12⁢x3⁢x42⁢D_x2−13⁢x43⁢D_x3−15⁢x45⁢D_x5,−x1⁢D_x1−2⁢x2⁢D_x2−x3⁢D_x3−x5⁢D_x5,D_x5,x1⁢D_x2+D_x3,D_x2,D_x1

(2.32)

 

Example 8.

Find the symmetries of a metric which depend upon 2 parameters α, β, where α≠ 0.

Q > 

g≔evalDG⁡dx&tdx+exp⁡α⁢x⁢dy&tdy+β⁢y+1⁢dz&tdz

g:=dx⁢dx+ⅇα⁢x⁢dy⁢dy+y⁢β+1⁢dz⁢dz

(2.33)
M > 

InfinitesimalSymmetriesOfGeometricObjectFields⁡g,output=list,parameters=α,β,auxiliaryequations=α≠0

D_z,−2⁢D_xα+y⁢D_y,D_y,y⁢α⁢D_x−14⁢y2⁢α2−ⅇ−α⁢x⁢D_y,4⁢D_xα−2⁢y⁢β+1⁢D_yβ+z⁢D_z,D_z,α=α,β=0,α=α,β=β

(2.34)

 

Example 9.

The command InfinitesimalSymmetriesOfGeometricObjectFields can also be used to calculate the symmetries of a tensor T defined on a Lie algebra.

> 

LD≔Library:-Retrieve⁡Winternitz,1,4,10,alg1

LD:=e2,e3=e1,e2,e4=−e3,e3,e4=e2

(2.35)
> 

DGsetup⁡LD

Lie algebra: alg1

(2.36)
alg1 > 

T≔evalDG⁡e4&tθ1&te4

T:=e4⁢θ1⁢e4

(2.37)
alg1 > 

InfinitesimalSymmetriesOfGeometricObjectFields⁡T

_C1⁢e1+_C2⁢e4

(2.38)

 

See Also

DifferentialGeometry

GroupActions

JetCalculus

Tensor

LieAlgebras

Connection

LieDerivative

DGinfo

PDEtools[Infinitesimals]

Physics[LieDerivative]

Physics