Codifferential - Maple Help
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LieAlgebras[Codifferential] - calculate the codifferential of a multi-vector defined on a Lie algebra with coefficients in a representation

Calling Sequences

     Codifferential(Z)

Parameters

     Z     - a multi-vector defined on a Lie algebra, or on a Lie algebra with coefficients in a representation V

   

 

Description

Examples

Description

• 

Let 𝔤  be a Lie algebra. The codifferential ∂ of monomial bi-vectors and tri-vectors on 𝔤 is defined by

∂ x1 ∧ x2 = x1, x2   and  ∂ x1 ∧x2 ∧ x3 = x1, x2 ∧x3 − x1 ,x2 ∧x3  + x2, x3 ∧x1  .

The formula for a general monomial multi-vector is

∂ x1 ∧ x2 ∧⋅⋅⋅ xp &equals;∑i<j−1i &plus;j &plus;1xi &comma; xj∧ x1 ∧ ⋅⋅⋅ ∧ xi‾ ∧ ⋅⋅⋅ ∧xj‾ ∧⋅⋅⋅ xp

where the barred vectors are omitted from the wedge product. A general multi-vector of degree p is a superposition of monomials of degree p. The definition of the codifferential is extended to all multi-vectors by linearity.

• 

Let &rho;&colon; &gfr; →glV be a representation of &gfr; on a vector space V&period; For x ∈ &gfr; and w ∈ V, write &rho;xw &equals; x ⋅w&period; For multi-vectors with coefficients in V, the above formulas for the codifferential are amended to

 

∂w x1 ∧ x2 &equals; x1⋅wx2 − x2 ⋅wx1 &plus; wx1&comma; x2,

 

∂w x1 ∧x2 ∧ x3 &equals;x1&grave;⋅wx2∧x3 − x2 ⋅wx1∧x3  &plus; x3⋅wx1∧x2 &plus; x1&comma; x2 ∧x3 − x1 &comma;x2 ∧x3  &plus; x2&comma; x3 ∧x1  and, in general,

∂w x1 ∧ x2 ∧⋅⋅⋅ xp &equals;∑i&equals;1p−1i &plus;1xi ⋅w∧ x1 ∧ ⋅⋅⋅ ∧ xi‾ ∧⋅⋅⋅ xp  &plus; ∑i<j−1i &plus;j &plus;1xi &comma; xj∧ x1 ∧ ⋅⋅⋅ ∧ xi‾ ∧ ⋅⋅⋅ ∧xj‾ ∧⋅⋅⋅ xp&period;

 

Again, these definitions are extended to all multi-vectors by linearity.

 

• 

The command Codifferential computes the codifferential of a multi-vector Z. Note that if Z has degree p, then ∂Z has degree  p−1.

• 

The co-differential satisfies ∂2 &equals;0  It commutes with the Lie derivative Z and satisfies, for any vector X, &Zscr;XZ &equals; X ∧∂Z &plus; ∂ X ∧Z &period;

Examples

> 

with⁡DifferentialGeometry&colon;with⁡LieAlgebras&colon;

 

Example 1.

 

First initialize a 5-dimensional Lie algebra.

> 

LD1≔LieAlgebraData⁡x2&comma;x3=x1&comma;x2&comma;x5=x3&comma;x4&comma;x5=x4&comma;x1&comma;x2&comma;x3&comma;x4&comma;x5&comma;alg

LD1:=e2&comma;e3&equals;e1&comma;e2&comma;e5&equals;e3&comma;e4&comma;e5&equals;e4

(2.1)
> 

DGsetup⁡LD1

Lie algebra: alg

(2.2)

 

Define a bi-vector and calculate its codifferential.

alg > 

Z≔evalDG⁡a⁢e2&we3+b⁢e2&we5+c⁢e2&we4

Z:=a⁢e2⁢⋀⁢e3&plus;c⁢e2⁢⋀⁢e4&plus;b⁢e2⁢⋀⁢e5

(2.3)
alg > 

Codifferential⁡Z

a⁢e1&plus;b⁢e3

(2.4)

 

Define a tri-vector and calculate its codifferential.

alg > 

Z≔evalDG⁡a⁢e2&we3&we4+b⁢e3&we4&we5

Z:=a⁢e2⁢⋀⁢e3⁢⋀⁢e4&plus;b⁢e3⁢⋀⁢e4⁢⋀⁢e5

(2.5)
alg > 

W≔Codifferential⁡Z

W:=a⁢e1⁢⋀⁢e4−b⁢e3⁢⋀⁢e4

(2.6)

 

Check that ∂2Z &equals;0. 

alg > 

Codifferential⁡W

0⁢e1

(2.7)

 

Example 2.

In this example we calculate the codifferentials for some multi-vectors defined on a Lie algebra with coefficients in a representation. For this example we shall use the Lie algebra so4and its standard 4-dimensional representation. To create the computational environment we use the commands SimpleLieAlgebraData, StandardRepresentation and Representation.

 

> 

LD2≔SimpleLieAlgebraData⁡so(4)&comma;so4

LD2:=e1&comma;e2&equals;e4&comma;e1&comma;e3&equals;e5&comma;e1&comma;e4&equals;−e2&comma;e1&comma;e5&equals;−e3&comma;e2&comma;e3&equals;e6&comma;e2&comma;e4&equals;e1&comma;e2&comma;e6&equals;−e3&comma;e3&comma;e5&equals;e1&comma;e3&comma;e6&equals;e2&comma;e4&comma;e5&equals;e6&comma;e4&comma;e6&equals;−e5&comma;e5&comma;e6&equals;e4

(2.8)
Alg1 > 

DGsetup⁡LD2

Lie algebra: so4

(2.9)
so4 > 

A≔StandardRepresentation⁡so4

 

Create a 4-dimensional vector space to serve as the representation space.

so4 > 

DGsetup⁡w1&comma;w2&comma;w3&comma;w4&comma;V

frame name: V

(2.10)
Alg1 > 

ρ≔Representation⁡so4&comma;V&comma;A

 

Initialize the Lie algebra so4 with coefficients in the standard representation.

V > 

DGsetup⁡so4&comma;ρ&comma;so4V

Lie algebra with coefficients: so4V

(2.11)

 

Calculate the codifferential of a bi-vector.

V > 

Z≔evalDG⁡w1⁢e1&we2

Z:=w1⁢e1⁢⋀⁢e2

(2.12)
so4V > 

Codifferential⁡Z

−w3⁢e1&plus;w2⁢e2&plus;w1⁢e4

(2.13)

 

Calculate the codifferential of a multi-vector of degree 4.

so4V > 

Z≔evalDG⁡w4⁢e1&we2&we5&we6

Z:=w4⁢e1⁢⋀⁢e2⁢⋀⁢e5⁢⋀⁢e6

(2.14)
so4V > 

W≔Codifferential⁡Z

W:=w4⁢e1⁢⋀⁢e2⁢⋀⁢e4&plus;w3⁢e1⁢⋀⁢e2⁢⋀⁢e5−w2⁢e1⁢⋀⁢e2⁢⋀⁢e6−w4⁢e1⁢⋀⁢e3⁢⋀⁢e5−w4⁢e2⁢⋀⁢e3⁢⋀⁢e6&plus;w4⁢e4⁢⋀⁢e5⁢⋀⁢e6

(2.15)

 

Check that ∂2Z &equals;0.  

so4V > 

Codifferential⁡W

0⁢e1⁢⋀⁢e2

(2.16)

See Also

DifferentialGeometry

LieAlgebras

Adjoint

ExteriorDerivative

Representation

SimpleLieAlgebraData

StandardRepresentation