Spacecraft

Although the science and mathematics behind space exploration is mind-boggling, many key concepts relate back to the fundamentals that many of us are familiar with. For example, modern orbital mechanics calculations still rely directly on the work of Kepler and Newton, among others.

Sample vehicle launch calculation:

For a particular orbit segment from    to  , the geometry of elliptical orbits (as proposed by Kepler) yields,

Using Newton’s law of universal gravitation (for satellite mass m and the Earth’s mass M) and law of conservation of energy,

Some key calculations are performed when the distance
between the two masses is at a minimum (periapsis) or a
maximum (apoapsis). For periapsis, .
Rearranging the above equations gives,



Solving for gives altitude predictions.